Secondhand book sales are booming. Is it because of AI?

Mysterious bulk orders

Something mysterious has been happening in the world of secondhand books. Over the last few months independent booksellers have been observing a strange pattern of purchases which have seen scores of their novels being shipped to far-off warehouses.

In a typical week, Stuart Manley, from Barter Books, in Northumberland, would sell two or three thousand books. But one recent single bulk order from a Canadian company equalled what he would expect to move in seven days. He says he has "never seen the like of this after 30 years in the second-hand book trade".

Mr Manley is not alone. Booksellers from around the world have been reporting similarly unusual mega orders. They aren't sure what the final destination for their books is. But the suspicion is that they are not being bought for avid overseas readers but instead something else with a voracious appetite for new information: AI.

The court battle over books

The idea that the secondhand sales boom is being driven by the explosive growth of AI can be traced back to a court ruling in the US. In 2025, a judge ruled using books purchased in this way to train AI software was not a violation of US copyright law.

The decision was the result of a lawsuit brought against AI firm Anthropic by three authors. In his ruling, Judge William Alsup said Anthropic's use of the authors' books was "exceedingly transformative" and therefore allowed under US law.

When court documents were unsealed last month it also emerged books were being destroyed in the process of training Anthropic's AI chatbot, Claude. "Claude is trained on a mix of publicly available web data, commercially acquired datasets, and data we generate ourselves," a spokesperson said. They insisted sourcing books for training was a widely used approach across the AI industry. "None of our data acquisition programs buy and destroy rare or antiquarian books," they added.

Nonetheless, the idea that books are being pulped is causing unease. David Tobin, who runs Walden Books in north London, has also had unusual sales. "In some ways it's very nice to sell some of these titles which haven't been sold for many years, but it would be sad if they are ultimately destroyed," he says.

Destructive scanning

The court documents relating to the Anthropic case revealed the project of ingesting old books was referred to in internal company communications as "Project Panama." The documents indicated the company's aim was to "destructively scan all the books in the world".

Destructive scanning is the process of shipping books to locations where they can be digitised at an industrial scale. It includes removing a book's spine so all the pages can be scanned rapidly - and the remains recycled.

"A lot of mystery surrounds Project Panama," Manley, from Barter Books, says. "The name is new to me, but the reality of the project is not, and has been the subject of much discussion on the bookseller forums."

He does not know that his books are